White Papers

Oscilloscopes
A single-polarization 160-Gb/s (80-Gbaud) electronically time-division-multiplexed (ETDM) quadrature phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) signal is generated and coherently detected using two 45-GHz-bandwidth oscilloscope prototypes and offline processing.
Oscilloscopes
We experimentally demonstrate transmission of 6 mode-multiplexed 20-Gbd-QPSK signals over 1200 km of three-core microstructured fiber (3C-MSF). An aggregate single-wavelength capacity of 240 Gbit/s is recovered by off-line 66 coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) digital signal processing.
NRZ-encoded Signals, Manchester-encoded Signals
The industry's first NRZ and Manchester configurable protocol decoders accept a broad range of physical characteristics for NRZ- or Manchester-encoded signals.
Crosstalk Noise, Jitter, Channel Loss
This paper addresses a new methodology for 12 Gbps interoperability that combines a concerted family of pathological channels, internal eye monitoring, and external EQ simulation tools, providing insight into an EQ optimization strategy that addresses the specific channel’s mix of crosstalk noise, jitter, and channel loss. This also provides a backplane designer the ability to configure a high-loss, crosstalk aggressed system.
S-Parameters, Continuous Frequency Responses
We explore in detail the relationship between discrete-frequency responses connected with sparameters and the implied continuous time response. This is done in both the frequency- and time-domain to develop the proper insight and explore issues with real time-domain responses, time-aliasing, causality, interpolation and re-sampling of discrete-frequency data. Using the insight gained, we identify the conditions for sufficiency of sampling and the side-effects of the invariable practical conditions when these side-effects cannot be completely dispelled. This paper is especially useful for understanding issues involved in direct application of sparameters in linear simulations, like those used in virtual probing applications in scopes.