Focus Microwaves - Noise Modules
Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). Focus’ Noise Modules integrate well with various third party noise receivers.
Noise Parameters: These are four numbers that fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device (twoport) at a given frequency. For practical reasons we use the following quantities as Noise Parameters:
Focus’ noise parameter extraction routines leverage the PNA-X’s unique implementation
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
A RF down conversion stage might be required if the frequency of noise measured exceeds the receiver’s bandwidth. Focus offers noise modules which support down conversion for optimal speed and performance.
Hardware
Noise Measurement System
| Model | Frequency | Insertion Loss | VSWR | Min. Gain | Max. VSWR | Connector |
| NMS-2600 | up to 26.5 GHz | 0.80 dB | 1.61 | 29 for 0.8-26.5GHz | 1.8:1 | 3.5mm |
| NMS-4000 | up to 40 GHz | 0.91 dB | 1.81 | 30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz | 2.1:1 | 2.9mm |
| NMS-5000 | up to 50 GHz | 0.99 dB | 1.8:1 |
27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz |
2:1 | 2.4mm |
| NMS-6700 | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.91 |
29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz |
3:1 | 1.85mm |
| NMS-6700-DC* | up to 67 GHz | 1.12 dB | 1.9:1 |
29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 37 for 50-65GHz |
3:1 | 1.85 mm |
| NMS-75500-DC* | 50 to 75 GHz | 0.4dB | 1.2:1** | 40 for 50-75GHz | 1.6:1** | WR-15 |
| NMS-90600-DC* | 60 to 90 GHz | 0.9dB | 1.3:1** | 35 for 60-90GHz | 1.8:1** | WR-12 |
| NMS-110750-DC* | 75 to 110 GHz | 1.1dB | 1.3:1** | 36 for 75-110GHz | 1.9:1** | WR-10 |
| NMS-1701100-DC* | 110 to 170 GHz | 1.3dB | 1.4:1** | 36 for 110-170GHz | 2:1** | WR-6.5 |
* with Downconverter
** +/-10%
Graphs
Noise Parameters
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
Setup
More Product Information
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Low Noise
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Excellent line/load regulation
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Remote sense
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Coarse and fine voltage controls
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Constant voltage or constant current operation with automatic crossover and mode indication
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Individual On/Off switch per output (not including fixed output)
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Variable ( 1.5V to 5V ) Auxiliary Output
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Shrouded socket-compatible with bare wire and shrouded safety plug connections up to 4 mm
- Complete solution - battery test, simulation & solar array simulator software included
- Highest power density up to 37 kW in 4U rack height (9.25 kW/U)
- Fastest and cleanest power available (fastest transient response and low output ripple and noise)
- Universal 3-Phase AC Input accepts 180 VAC to 528 VAC
- Longest manufacturer-based reliability guarantee: 5-year warranty
- Parallel system power up to 1.2 MW
- Output voltage up to 2,000 V
- Bidirectional output current up to ±150 A, up to ±4,800 A in parallel
- True extended wide-range autoranging output
- Regenerative to 95%
- Color touch panel user interface
- Seamless transition between source and sink
- Built-in islanding detection
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High SNR mode (up to 24 dB better signal-to-noise ratio)
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Low-Noise Binning Mode
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Smear reduction
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Shading correction
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Area of interest (AOI), separate AOI for auto features
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Binning
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Decimation
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Auto gain (manual gain control: 0 to 32 dB)
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Auto exposure (39 µs to 67 s)
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Auto white balance
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Look-up table (LUT)
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Hue, saturation, color correction
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Reverse X
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Deferred image transport
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Trigger programmable, level, single, bulk, programmable delay
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Sequence mode (changes the camera settings on the fly)
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SIS (secure image signature, time stamp for trigger, frame count)
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Storable user sets
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Cryogen-free option available
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Flexible sample space
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Low noise, low vibration
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Long holding time
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Stable He-3 pot temperature
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APS-H optical format CMOS sensor
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PoCXP
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4-DIN type connector
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79.7 fps at full resolution
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Extended near-infrared (X-2620B NIR) model
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Extended feature set with Sequencer Control and Multiple Region of Interest selection to support advanced imaging applications
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On-board Defect Pixel and 2D Fixed Pattern Noise Correction for improved image quality
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Simplified firmware update in the field via interface cables using GenICam File Access
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Robust, fan-less design for industrial imaging applications
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Heat-dissipation optimized housing to reduce image noise
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Build-in tripod adapter and multiple mounting holes for eased system integration
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DIN 1.0/2.3 CoaXPress connectors for secure operation in industrial environments
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Single cable solution using Trigger and Power over CoaXPress
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Comprehensive I/O functionality for extended control of connected system components
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Select between B 270 ASG protection glass and filter types: IRC30 IR cut filter or Schneider 486 IR cut filter
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High SNR mode (up to 24 dB better signal-to-noise ratio)
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Low-noise binning mode
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Shading correction
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Defect pixel correction
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Area of interest (AOI), separate AOI for auto features
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Binning
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Decimation
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Auto gain (manual gain control: 0 to 24.4 dB)
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Auto exposure (31 µs to 67 s)
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Auto white balance
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Look-up table (LUT)
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Hue, saturation
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Color correction
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Local color anti-aliasing
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Reverse X/Y
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Deferred image transport
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Trigger programmable, level, single, bulk, programmable delay
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Sequence mode (changes the camera settings on the fly)
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SIS (secure image signature, time stamp for trigger, frame count etc.)
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Storable user sets
Scope of delivery
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Camera and IEEE 1394b cable (other configurations on request)
- High performance GPS disciplined Time/Frequency standard
- Ethernet Interface for management and control
- Network Time Protocol (NTP)
- Multiple 1PPS outputs with individual delay compensation
- Multiple Low Phase Noise 10MHz outputs with software programmable level
- Time Code outputs including Have Quick, IRIG A, IRIG B, IRIG E, IRIG G
- Sync to GPS or to Have Quick/1PPS per ICD-GPS-060
- Choice of internal disciplined OCXO or Rubidium Oscillator
An impedance tuner is an apparatus, which generates controllable reflection factor (Impedance) over a certain frequency range. Focus uses two basic technologies:
a) For frequencies from 100MHz to 110GHz (and above) we use the slide screw technique (models Multi Harmonic MPT, wideband (fundamental) CCMT, harmonic rejection PHT), in which a reflective probe (slug) is inserted into the slot of a low loss slotted transmission line (slabline or waveguide).
b) For frequencies from below 10MHz to 170MHz we use a lumped element technology (models LFT), whereby variable capacitors are connected with optimized lengths of coaxial cable.
- Repair-focused environment for XJDeveloper / XJRunner tests.
- Full Connection test.
- RAM, Flash and other non-JTAG device tests.
- Flash, FPGA, CPLD and EEPROM programming.
- Layout Viewer* to show the physical location of faulty nets, pins and components.
- Schematic Viewer* to show the circuit design around faults.
- Direct control of the pins/balls of JTAG devices.
- View pin states graphically in real time or capture them in the Waveform Viewer.
- Trace signals to identify shorts, opens and other faults.
Focus Microwaves
Focus Microwaves is a pioneering engineering company, built around the innovations of its founder Dr. Christos Tsironis who developed his first manual tuner in 1973 and is the inventor of most existing electro-mechanical tuner families. The success of Focus is based on the engineering and manufacturing skills of its highly motivated and experienced team of engineers and technicians, who have been trained and encouraged to develop new technologies. In addition, listening to our customers needs and insights helps us discover and develop new and measurement methods on an ongoing basis, relentlessly pushing the limits of what is possible.
From humble beginnings in 1988, Focus has become the main supplier of advanced Load Pull and Noise Tuner Systems. Our mission is to provide effective, reliable and innovative solutions for non-50 Ohm testing (Noise and Load Pull) of RF microwave transistors, thus enabling our customers to compete in the marketplace with better designs and to advance the understanding and knowledge of the field.
Contact Details
Focus Microwaves Inc. Main Head Office
4555 Chem. du Bois-Franc, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1A8, Canada
Phone: +1-514-684-4554
Test & Measurement
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